高层住区建成环境对居民活动量的影响初探——以江苏海门世纪锦城为例

以海门市两个高层住区为对象，探究住区建成环境对居民活动量的影响机制。基于已有研究文献的归纳分析并 结合对居民需求的实地调研，得出两类影响因素并构建为相应的指标群。进而通过SPSS 软件进行多指标的相关性分析， 并根据相关性强弱提出影响力梯度层级体系。以期为新建或改造住区公共活动空间时，满足各类人群的差异化需求并 切实提升住区公共空间活力提供参考和指导。     

The dependence of fatigue crack growth on hydrogen in warm-rolled 316 austenitic stainless steel

The fatigue crack growth rate of warm-rolled AISI 316 austenitic stainless steel was investigated by controlling rolling strain and temperature in argon and hydrogen gas atmospheres. The fatigue crack growth rates of warm-rolled 316 specimens tested in hydrogen decreased with increasing rolling temperature, especially 400 °C. By controlling the deformation temperature and strain, the influences of microstructure (including dislocation structure, deformation twins and α′ martensite) and its evolution on hydrogen-induced degradation of mechanical properties were separately discussed. Deformation twins deceased and dislocations became more uniform with the increase in rolling temperature, inhibiting the formation of dynamic α′ martensite during the crack propagation. In the cold-rolled 316 specimens, deformation twins accelerated hydrogen-induced crack growth due to the α′ martensitic transformation at the crack tip. In the warm-rolled specimens, the formation of α′ martensite around the crack tip was completely inhibited, which greatly reduced the fatigue crack growth rate in hydrogen atmosphere.     

基于耦合模型的福州市暴雨内涝研究

以福州市内涝问题为例.通过耦合协调度模型分析了福州市的城市化与水环境耦合关系.并运用综合风险指数评估了福州市内涝风险情况。结果表明.福州市城市化与水环境耦合协调度整体上呈上升趋势,目前已达到优质协调高水平耦合阶段,但城市内涝风险值却不断上升。因此,耦合关系并不能完全表明城市化与水环境的内部矛盾趋势,现阶段仍需注重水环境安全预警能力,预防暴雨内涝的迸发,从而更好地促进城市化与水环境“由外及里,由内而外”的协调发展。     

Effects of oral administration of timothy hay and psyllium on the growth performance and fecal microbiota of preweaning calves

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of oral administration of fiber from the first week of life on the growth and hindgut environment of preweaning calves. Twenty newborn female Holstein calves were divided into 2 groups as control and treatment. Calves in both groups were reared under the same feeding program except for oral fiber administration. Timothy hay and psyllium were mixed at a 50-to-6 ratio as a treatment diet for oral fiber administration. Calves in the treatment group were orally administered 50 g of fiber daily from 3 to 7 d of age and 100 g of fiber from 8 d of age until weaning. Feed intake and occurrence of diarrhea were recorded daily, and body weight (BW) was recorded weekly for the individual calf. Fresh feces were collected from calves at 7, 21, 35, 49, and 56 d of age to analyze fermentation parameters and microbiota to characterize the hindgut environment. Higher fiber intake in the treatment group due to oral administration of timothy and psyllium did not affect the starter intake and achieved higher BW at 21 d of age. The fecal pH, total volatile fatty acid, lactate, and ammonia nitrogen concentrations were not affected by oral fiber administration; meanwhile, the molar proportion of propionate was higher in the treatment group at 7 d of age. The difference in fecal microbiota in the calves subjected to the oral administration of fiber was observed within 21 d of life; Lactobacillus spp. and Prevotella spp. showed higher abundance, whereas that of Clostridium perfringens was decreased. These higher abundances of beneficial bacteria and lower abundance of pathogenic bacteria during early life may partly explain the higher BW of calves in the treatment group at 21 d of age. Furthermore, no adverse effect was observed for the BW and health status in the treatment group throughout the preweaning period. Therefore, early fiber feeding via oral administration potentially contributes to improving the hindgut environment in newborn calves, which leads to better growth of calves during the early stage of life.     

城市水循环演变及对策分析

全球气候变化和快速城市化改变了自然水循环过程,使水循环呈现"自然-社会"二元特征。城市是二元水循环耦合程度最深的区域,城市水循环的驱动力、结构与过程呈现复杂化,由此引发的城市水问题越来越突出,未来城市水循环面临严峻挑战。本文在识别城市水循环的演变历程和机理的基础上,解析了城市水问题的产生根源。以城市水问题以及未来城市水循环发展趋势为导向,提出了未来城市水循环调控的总体思路,论述了未来城市水循环调控的"理水""用水""治水""管水"四大战略,阐明了以"安""和""畅""保""节""回""净""智"八字方针为指导的未来城市水循环调控实现途径。     

Inverse design of the thermal environment in an airplane cockpit using the adjoint method with the momentum method

Currently, the thermal environment in airplane cockpits is unsatisfactory and pilots often complain about a strong draft sensation in the cockpit. It is caused by the unreasonable air supply diffusers design. One of the best approaches to design a better cockpit environment is the adjoint method. The method can simultaneously and efficiently identify the number, size, location, and shape of air supply inlets, and the air supply parameters. However, the real air diffuser needed to design often have grilles, especially in the airplane cockpit, and the current method can only design the inlet as an opening. This study combined the adjoint method with the momentum method to directly identify the optimal air supply diffusers with grilles to create optimal thermal environment in an airplane cockpit (1) under ideal conditions and (2) with realistic constraints. Under the ideal conditions, the resulting design provides an optimal thermal environment for the cockpit, but it might not be feasible in practice. The design with realistic constraints provides acceptable thermal comfort in the cockpit, but it is not optimal. Thus, there is an engineering trade-off between design feasibility and optimization. All in all, the adjoint method with the momentum method can be effectively used to identify real air supply diffusers.     

Ion migration behavior and its interaction with sintering environment in cation conductor during flash sintering

Flash sintering has been reported in various ceramics. Nevertheless, anion and cation conductors exhibit different flash-sintering behaviors, and the interaction mechanism between the conductive species and the sintering environment has remained unclear. Herein, we report the flash-sintering phenomena of a typical cation conductor, Na₃Zr₂(SiO₄)₂(PO₄) with anode region surrounded by air and NaNO₃ environments. The results prove that the ionic behavior and joule heating distribution can be controlled by changing the electrode environment. Four possible scenarios describing the ion migration behavior and interaction with the environment are proposed for providing a guidance for controlling the ion interaction behavior during flash sintering.     

15层全剪力墙结构居民楼定向爆破拆除

介绍了复杂环境下15层居民楼的定向爆破拆除案例,根据工程特点及周围环境制定了向西南方向倒塌的爆破方案。对1层⁵层非承重墙、楼梯进行局部预拆除;采用重心移出的方法计算爆破高度;计算了楼房的质量,用来确定预留墙体的面积;采用多重闭合电-非电复式起爆网路。通过合理的方案设计和参数选取,取得了良好的爆破效果,塌落振动未对周围建筑产生影响,可为类似工程提供参考。     

Graduate Student Literature Review: Considerations for nutritional grouping in dairy farms

Each cow in a group has different nutritional requirements even if the group is formed by cows of similar age, number of lactations, and lactation stage. Common dairy farm management setup does not support formulating a diet that accurately matches individual nutritional requirements for each cow; therefore, a proportion of cows in the group will be overfed and another proportion underfed. Overfeeding and underfeeding cows increases the risk of metabolic diseases, decreases milk production, and increases nutrient waste. Consequently, profitability of dairy farms and the environment are negatively affected. Nutritional grouping is a management strategy that aims to allocate lactating cows homogeneously according to their nutritional requirements. Groups of cows with more uniform nutritional requirements facilitates the formulation of more accurate diets for the group. Current availability of large data streams on dairy farms facilitates the design of algorithms to implement nutritional grouping. Our review summarizes important factors to consider when grouping cows, describes nutritional grouping approaches, and summarizes benefits of implementing nutritional grouping in dairy farms.     

温度因子对深部开采影响的研究现状与展望

我国煤矿正在逐步进入深部开采阶段,温度因子在深部矿井开采中的影响权重较浅部开采时明显增大,因高温带来的问题已经成为深部矿井开采中的主要难题之一。在综合分析深部开采高温问题有关研究成果的基础上,从温度对地下作业环境的影响,温度对岩石的本构关系,岩石强度和岩石变形等深部岩体力学性质的影响,温度对煤层自燃、深部岩石时-温效应的影响几个方面进行了综述,系统分析了温度因子在深部开采中的作用。最后指出了目前深部开采有关温度问题研究中存在的不足。